Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare tumor of appendiceal origin. from

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare tumor of appendiceal origin. from 193746-75-7 those of colorectal tumor libraries and commonly used colon cell lines. N14A and N15A were responsiveness to mitomycin and oxaliplatin. This study characterizes global gene expression in PMP, and the parallel development of the first immortalized PMP cell lines; fit for pre-clinical testing and PMP oncogene discovery. [11, 12], [13], and mutations [14]but no global characterisation approaches. For chemotherapy options, PMP is generally considered to be resistant. During HIPEC administration, the commonest used agent is mitomycin C [15], though other agents including oxaliplatin and cisplatin, with and without concurrent systemic 5-fluorocuracil (a fluoropyrimidine), are also administered [6]. By the intra-peritoneal route, these agents are delivered in concentrations considerably higher than those used systemically. The rationale for their selection is based on empirical extrapolation from treatments of colorectal cancer. Despite the radicality of CRS and HIPEC, there is a recognized propensity for disease recurrence and progression. For the latter, and in patients deemed unsuitable for initial radical surgery, the natural history is characterized by high levels of morbidity (e.g. abdominal distension, discomfort, fistulation), and demise due to disease progression. We have previously reported a phase II trial in this setting, using systemically combined mitomycin and oral fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, capecitabine (MCap), but with short-term stabilization of disease of a few months in only a third of patients [16]. Against this background, there is a clear need to improve the effectiveness of current chemotherapy regimens and/or develop new anti-PMP agents. In this study, we address the two aforementioned needs in translational research for PMP. First, we performed exon array analysis from laser micro-dissected PMP tissue and comparative normal colonic epithelia; identified and confirmed differential expression of the candidate genes and their protein products in tissue. In parallel, we established two primary PMP cell lines. From our previously experiments [7], we learnt that primary PMP cell lines are slow-growing cells, with limited viability, and unfit for high-throughput experiments. Thus, here, we immortalized these cell lines with an SV40 T-antigen lentiviral vector, and cross-checked for differentially expressed genes, from the array analyses, using qPCR. RESULTS It is technically challenging to work with PMP epithelial tissue as it exists in small clusters in an ocean of mucin. We developed laser capture micro-dissection methods to maximize epithelial yield from specimens that were confirmed histologically as PMP (Figure ?(Figure1A1A). Figure 1 Overview flow diagram of the tissue harvest and cell line studies Gene microarray analysis We performed exon-array analysis comparing three disseminated (all omentum) Sema3f plus one appendiceal PMP samples versus three samples of normal colonic mucosa. Initial PCA plots of the expressed genes demonstrated that the normal versus omental samples clustered 193746-75-7 to distinct populations at both the probeset and gene level (Figure ?(Figure2A).2A). These differences were not due to adipose tissue contamination of the omentum samples, as when the appendiceal PMP sample was added, it clustered with the omentum samples suggesting true differences between normal and diseased states. Overall, there was a high level of homogeneity (see Figure ?Figure11 Legend). Figure 2 Exon array analysis identified 27 up-regulated and 34 down-regulated genes in PMP epithelial tissue (< 0.05, adjusted for multiple testing) compared with normal colonic mucosa The differences in expression of the identified genes with greater than two fold changes were visualized using a heat-map (Figure ?(Figure2B).2B). For disease 193746-75-7 PMP tissue versus normal, 450 genes were identified as differentially expressed. The differential expressions were similar whether or not the appendiceal sample was included. After adjustment for multiple testing, 27 genes up-regulated in PMP were statistically significant with values less than 0.05; thirty four genes were significantly down-regulated. These are listed, with descriptions of their main biological functions, in Supplementary Table S1. From these lists, we selected to explore in greater detail eight genes, based on (i) statistical significance; (ii) known biological function; and (iii) availability of probes and antibodies for validation (Figure ?(Figure2C).2C). The selected up-regulated genes were: SLC16A4, a proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter; DSC3 (desmocollin 3), a component of intercellular desmosome junctions; ALDOB, a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase; EPHX4, a hydrolase; and ARHGAP24, a Rho GTPase-activating protein involved in cell polarity, cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization. The commonly used PMP marker, MUC2, was increased by 1.8 log fold increase in the PMP samples compared with normal colonic mucosa expression, just outside.