Clines in existence history qualities presumably driven by spatially varying selection are widespread. Africa and has consequently migrated from Africa colonizing Eurasia America and Australia (David & Capy 1988). As a result clines have been created on several continents spanning temperate to subtropical/tropical areas thus providing an excellent opportunity for studying adaptation to spatial and climatic heterogeneity inside a naturally replicated system. The large body of work on clines in makes this varieties a unique system for assessing the generality of clinal adaptation. Latitudinal clines presumably driven by gradients in temp and/or seasonality have been documented for many fitness-related and morphological qualities in (Louis versus and but did not find clinality. Similarly since temperature decreases with increasing altitude and latitude the effects of altitude might mirror those of latitude (Lencioni 2004). Yet this prediction has not always been confirmed. ‘Bergmann’s rule’ for instance posits that body size is definitely Hbegf larger at both higher altitudes and latitudes (Partridge & Coyne 1997; Blanckenhorn & Demont 2004) but evidence for this pattern in insects is definitely combined (Shelomi 2012). Although many studies in support ‘Bergmann’s rule’ others have failed Gastrodin (Gastrodine) to do so (Norry remains unclear. Clinality in the tropics is an important issue since the effects of climatic factors might differ from those seen in subtropical or temperate areas. For example within the filter band of the tropics one might expect to find weaker latitudinal gradients as compared to the much steeper ones that span across temperate and subtropical/tropical areas as is the case for the North American and Australian clines in populations from higher altitudes have greater chilly tolerance at temperate but not tropical latitudes (Collinge from sub-Saharan Africa under common garden conditions in the laboratory. Our study represents the first systematic attempt of characterizing geographic and clinal patterns of existence history variation within the ancestral subtropical/tropical range of this varieties thus extending earlier efforts investigating derived Western American or Australian populations. We had four specific objectives. First we targeted to examine geographic differentiation and clinality of African populations for life history. Second we examined reproductive diapause a plastic life history syndrome induced by low temp and short photoperiod and known to be clinal across latitude in North American and Europe (Saunders (Fig. 1 Table S1). For practical Gastrodin (Gastrodine) reasons we could not measure all qualities for those populations; for each trait we measured a total of 62 to 119 isofemale lines from a total of 8 to 10 populations (Furniture S1 S2). For most populations individual-line whole-genome and admixture data are available (Pool six climatic variables as predictors. Analysis of trait human relationships To survive and reproduce organisms must function as phenotypically built-in wholes not as single qualities assumed to be separable from others (Stearns 1984 1989 Indeed life history qualities are often tightly built-in through developmental physiological and genetic mechanisms resulting in life history correlations and trade-offs Gastrodin (Gastrodine) (Stearns 1992; Flatt & Heyland 2011). We consequently examined how geography affects (1) overall multi-trait life history and (2) genetic variance-covariance (G) matrices. To investigate whether geography/clinality impact variance in multi-trait existence history we used MANOVA which accounts for phenotypic correlations among qualities. MANOVA was performed within the combination of Gastrodin (Gastrodine) dependent variables (isofemale collection means for viability thorax size early fecundity life-span) using ‘geographic effect’ and ‘human population’ nested in ‘geographic effect’ as factors. This analysis was done for each geographic effect (altitude latitude longitude) separately classifying data as ‘low’ or ‘high’ for altitude; as ‘above’ ‘at’ or ‘below’ equator for latitude; or mainly because ?甧ast’ or ‘western’ for longitude (Table S5). To estimate pairwise genetic correlations among qualities we determined Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients using isofemale collection means separately for each level within altitude (low high) latitude (above at below equator) and longitude (east west). Genetic correlations based on collection means often provide related estimations.